This article is general information, not medical advice. See a doctor if you have ear pain, discharge, hearing loss or dizziness.
Earwax, or cerumen, often gets a bad reputation, but it is normal and useful. It traps dust and debris, has antibacterial and antifungal properties and helps protect the delicate skin of the ear canal and the eardrum. In most people, the ears clean themselves: jaw movements gradually push old wax outwards, where it can be wiped away. Sometimes, however, wax builds up and causes a blocked feeling, muffled hearing or discomfort.
Why cotton buds are a bad idea
Pushing cotton buds into the ear canal tends to push wax deeper, which can create a hard plug. It can also scratch the canal or, in rare cases, damage the eardrum. Clean only the outer ear with a cloth.
Using ear drops at home
Over-the-counter ear drops can soften wax so it comes out more easily. Common options include olive oil, almond oil, sodium bicarbonate drops and products containing carbamide peroxide. Follow the instructions on the packet:
- Lie on your side with the affected ear facing up.
- Apply the drops and stay in position for about five minutes so they can soak in.
- Sit up with a tissue held to your ear to catch any liquid and loosened wax.
Repeat as directed, usually for several days. Drops soften wax but may not clear a large, hard plug. If symptoms continue, professional help is the safest option, and specialist clinics offer an ear cleaning service using microsuction or other methods.
Gentle irrigation
Some people use a rubber bulb syringe to rinse the ear after softening the wax with drops. If you do this:
- Use water at body temperature; water that is too warm or cool can cause dizziness.
- Squeeze gently and never force water into the ear.
- Tilt your head over a sink so the water and wax can drain out.
- Stop if you feel pain or dizziness.
Do not use the flushing method if you have undergone eardrum surgery, have a perforated eardrum, ear tubes or a current ear infection.
When to see a professional
- Your hearing is reduced or your ear feels completely blocked.
- You have pain, discharge, bleeding or a fever.
- You feel dizzy or have ringing in the ears.
- Home remedies have not helped after a week or so.
A GP practice nurse, audiologist or ENT clinic can examine your ear and remove wax safely, often using microsuction.
Preventing build-up
Some people produce more wax than others, including hearing aid users. Using a few drops of olive oil occasionally can help keep wax soft, and regular checks can prevent blockages.
